Usuari:Alfons Claver/proves

A red light...

...is treated like a stop sign.

A stop sign...

...is treated like a yield sign.

L'estop d'Idaho ('Idaho stop') és el nom que rep popularment una norma de circulació vigent en algunes jurisdiccions (quines) que permet que el ciclistes tractin:

• un senyal d'estop com si fos un 'cediu el pas';
• i un semàfor vermell com si fos un senyal d'estop.

Algunes jurisdicion tan sols permeten la primera de les dues interpretacion, mentre que d'altres permeten totes dues.

La va ser primer adoptat per l'Estat nord-americà d'Idaho el 1982; el terme 'Idaho stop' va ser usat per primera vegada a Califòrnia el 2008, arrant dels esforços per tal d'intrudïr-lo a la ciutat de San Francisco. Amb anterioritat a aquesta data, era conegut com 'Idaho Style' o 'Roll-and-go'."

It first became law in Idaho in 1982, but was not adopted elsewhere until Delaware adopted a limited stop-as-yield law in 2017. In 2018, Colorado passed a law standardizing the language municipalities or counties would use for a local Idaho Stop or Stop as Yield law, with certain statewide limits. "Stop as Yield", a version that deals only with stop signs, has also expanded to parts of Colorado and been considered in several other states. Advocates argue that current law criminalizes normal cycling behavior, and that the Idaho stop makes cycling easier and safer and places the focus where it should be: on yielding the right-of-way.

History

The original Idaho yield law was introduced as Idaho HB 541 during a comprehensive revision of Idaho Traffic laws in 1982. At that time, minor traffic offenses were criminal offenses and there was a desire to downgrade many of these to "civil public offenses" to free up docket time.

Carl Bianchi, then the Administrative Director of the Courts in Idaho, saw an opportunity to attach a modernization of the bicycle law onto the larger revision of the traffic code. He drafted a new bicycle code that would more closely conform with the Uniform Vehicle Code, and included new provisions allowing cyclists to take the lane, or to merge left, when appropriate. Addressing the concerns of the state's magistrates, who were concerned that "technical violations" of traffic control device laws by cyclists were cluttering the court, the draft also contained a provision that allowed cyclists to treat a stop sign as a yield sign—the so-called "rolling stop law." The new bicycle law passed in 1982, despite objections among some cyclists and law enforcement officers.

In 2006, the law was modified to specify that cyclists must stop on red lights and yield before proceeding straight through the intersection, and before turning left at an intersection. This had been the original intent, but Idaho law enforcement officials wanted it specified. The law originally passed with an education provision, but that was removed in 1988 because "youthful riders quickly adapted to the new system and had more respect for a law that legalized actual riding behavior."

In 2001, Joel Fajans, a physics professor at the University of California at Berkeley, and Melanie Curry, a magazine editor, published an essay entitled "Why Bicyclists Hate Stop Signs" on why rolling stops were better for cyclists and it provided greater interest in the Idaho law.

The first effort to enact the law outside of Idaho was started in Oregon in 2003, when the Idaho law still only applied to stop signs. While it overwhelmingly passed in the House, it never made it out of the Senate Rules Committee. The Oregon effort in turn inspired an investigation of the law by the San Francisco Bay Area Metropolitan Transportation Commission in 2008. That investigation failed to spawn legislation, but it did garner national attention, which led to similar efforts nationwide.

The term "Idaho Stop" came into use as a result of the California effort in 2008. Prior to that, it was called "Idaho Style" or "Roll-and-go." "Idaho Stop" was first used by the bicycle blogger Richard Masoner in June 2008 coverage of the San Francisco proposal, but in reference to the "Idaho Stop Law." In August of the same year, the term - now in quotes - first showed up in print in a Christian Science Monitor article by Ben Arnoldy who referred to the "so-called 'Idaho stop' rule." Soon after, the term "Idaho stop" was commonly being used as a noun, not a modifier.

Positions

Advocates for Idaho stop laws argue that they improve safety. Two studies of the Idaho stop show that it is measurably safer. One study showed that it resulted in 14% fewer crashes and another indicated that Idaho has less severe crashes. Similarly, tests of a modified form of the Idaho Stop in Paris "found that allowing the cyclists to move more freely cut down the chances of collisions with cars, including accidents involving the car's blind spot." And, less definitively, a study of rolling stops in Seattle determined that "these results support the theoretical assertion that bicyclists are capable of making safe decisions regarding rolling stop," while a 2013 survey of stop as yield in Colorado localities where it is legal reported no increase in crashes. Another study done in Chicago showed that compliance with stop signs and stop lights by cyclists was low when cross-traffic was not present, but that most were still performing an Idaho Stop; and therefore "enforcing existing rules at these intersections would seem arbitrary and capacious(sic)." Some supporters maintain that changing the legal duties of cyclists provides direction to law enforcement to focus attention where it belongs—on unsafe cyclists (and motorists). Additionally, some claim that, because bicycle laws should be designed to allow cyclists to travel swiftly and easily, the Idaho stop provision allows for the conservation of energy.

Opponents of the law maintain that a uniform, unambiguous set of laws that apply to all road users is easier for children to understand and allowing cyclists to behave by a separate set of rules than drivers makes them less predictable and thus, less safe. Jack Gillette, former president of the Boise Bicycle Commuters Association, argued that bicyclists should not have greater freedoms than drivers. "Bicyclists want the same rights as drivers, and maybe they should have the same duties," he said. San Francisco Mayor Edwin M. Lee argued that the law "directly endangers pedestrians and cyclists" in his veto of a similar law in his city.

Examples and legislative history

Idaho is both the largest and longest practitioner of the stop-as-yield, and the only practitioner of the red-as-stop. Mark McNeese, Bicycle/Pedestrian Coordinator for the Idaho Transportation Department says that "Idaho bicycle-collision statistics confirm that the Idaho law has resulted in no discernible increase in injuries or fatalities to bicyclists."

In 2012, a decree in Paris allowed cyclists in that city to turn right or, if there is no street to the right, proceed straight ahead on red, under the condition that they "exercise caution" and yield to pedestrians, after road safety experts deemed the measure would reduce collisions. During the summer of 2015, Paris law was modified to allow cyclists to treat certain stop lights as yield signs as allowed by signage. The change only applied to right turns or going straight at a T-junction.

In parts of Colorado, the stop-as-yield law is in place. In 2011, the cities of Dillon and Breckenridge, Colorado, passed stop-as-yield laws, in 2012 Summit County passed a similar law for its unincorporated areas, and in 2014, the City of Aspen passed one as well. Fort Collins considered the same law in 2013, but declined. In 2018, the state passed a law standardizing the language municipalities or counties could use to pass an Idaho Stop or Stop-as-yield ordinance and preventing it from appling to any state highway system. The act requires the cyclist to go through the intersection at a reasonable speed and sets the reasonable speed limit at 15 mph, but a municipality or county could reduce it to 10 mph or raise it to 20 mph at any individual intersection.

In 2017, Delaware became the second state to pass an Idaho Stop law, though it doesn't go as far as Idaho's. The Delaware law makes stop-as-yield legal, but it only applies on roads with two travel lanes. Some have called it the "Delaware Stop".

Many states have laws allowing cyclists (and motorcyclists) to stop at and then proceed through a red light if the light doesn't change due to the inability of the embedded sensors in the ground to detect them. Such laws often require that the cyclist stop, confirm that there is no oncoming traffic, and proceed after waiting a certain amount of time or cycles of the light. These are known as "Dead Red" laws.

Since 2003, Idaho stop style bills, or resolutions asking the state to pass one, have been introduced in Oregon, San Francisco, Minnesota, Arizona, Montana, Utah, Washington DC, New York City, Santa Fe, Oklahoma, Edmonton, Colorado, California and Arkansas with varying degrees of legislative progress.

External links

• Video explanation of Idaho Stop

Pep Llopis

Biografia
Naixement	Josep Llopis i Osca 1945 Llíria
Es coneix per	músic i compositor

María Teresa Andrés Blasco, (València, 13 de setembre de 1910 - 29 de juny 1992), fou una música i compositora.

Biografia

Realitzà els seus estudis musicals al Conservatori de València; amb Antonio Fornet Asensi el piano, amb Pedro Sosa l'harmonia i amb Eduard López-Chàvarri la història de la música. A més, va rebre classes particulars de piano amb Ramón Ribes, qui la va encoratjar per continuar els estudis musicals que va acabar l'any 1930 al Conservatori de València.

La seua carrera com a concertista es va estroncar per la seua malaltia, l'asma, que la va obligar a fer repòs durant dos anys, cosa que va fer al poble de Benimarfull d'on eren els seus pares.

L'any 1945 es casa amb Ernesto Hurtado, un home amant de les tradicions i de la història de Benimarfull, població sobre la qual va escriure quatre llibres.

Fou professora de piano del Conservatori de València i la major part de les seues composicions es troben a la Biblioteca Municipal de València. Va escriure sobretot música per a banda, essent la seua música senzilla i amb un to popular.

Obra

• Andaluza de mis sueños, banda.
• Balones, pasdoble banda.
• Benimarfull, pasdoble, banda.
• Costa Blanca, banda.
• El delirio che, banda.
• Gozos al Santo Cristo del Consuelo, cor.
• Mocita cascabelera, veu i piano.
• Plegaria a la Mare de Déu, cor.

Fonts bibliogràfiques i documentals

Adkins Chiti, Patricia; Ozaita, M. T.. «Las compositoras españolas». A: Las mujeres en la música. Madrid: Alianza Música, 1995. 

Gargot

Un gargot és un dibuix realitzat mentre l'atenció d'una persona està ocupada en una altra cosa. Els gargots són dibuixos simples que poden tenir significat figuratiu o ser simplement formes abstractes.

Exemples típics de gargots es troben en els quaderns escolars, sovint als marges, elaborats per estudiants somiant despert o perdre l'interès durant la classe. Altres exemples comuns de gargots es produeixen durant les converses telefòniques llargues si un llapis i paper estan disponibles.

Tipus populars de gargots inclouen versions de dibuixos animats dels mestres o companys en una escola, famosa televisió o personatges de còmic, inventat els éssers de ficció, paisatges, formes geomètriques, dissenys i textures.

Corruptissima re publica plurimae leges  és un locució llatina de Tàcit (Annals, llibre III.27), que significa que "com més corrupte és un Estat, més copioses en són les lleis", en el sentit que, quan hi ha molta corrupció, hi ha moltes lleis, perquè els crims són abundants i hi ha mo

molts son els crims i hi ha molts ciutadans que en cometen però, alhora, la capacitat de l'Estat de fer complir la llei és pobra, per la qual cosa recorre a un augment de les penes, un increment en el nombre de circumstàncies i notes, però sense ser capaç de posar fi a la situació. I atès que la corrupció de l'Estat és la més gran de totes, més nombroses són les lleis per emmascarar-la (sense arribar a posar-hi remei).

Categoria:Aeronàutica