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Usuari:Gerardduenas/Llista de biblioteques destruïdes1

De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure

Les biblioteques han estat intencionadament o accidentalment destruït o malament va avariar. De vegades una biblioteca és expressament destruït com a forma de cultural netejador.[1]

Hi ha exemples d'accidentalment va destruir biblioteques per accions humanes. Altres temps són avariats per desastres naturals com terratrèmols, inundacions o focs accidentals.

Focs de biblioteca han passat esporàdicament a través dels segles: els exemples notables són la destrucció de la Biblioteca d'Alexandria i l'accidental cremant del Duchess Biblioteca d'Amalia de l'Anna en Weimar. Les causes varien de arson als rajos del sol calant foc a folíols a través de l'acció d'un magnifying lent en una biblioteca en Northam, Devon.

Causes i prevenció

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En míldiu de temps més primerencs va ser considerat un problema important dins moltes biblioteques i així que l'èmfasi damunt disseny de biblioteca era per augmentar flux d'aire per, per exemple, deixant obertures sota els prestatges en adjoining pisos. En un foc les flames seran pis dibuixat a pis pel flux d'aire per això assegurant la destrucció relativament fàcil d'una biblioteca sencera més que una secció petita.

Avança dins la tecnologia ha reduït la possibilitat d'un ser de col·lecció de la biblioteca destruït per foc. Aquests inclouen aspersors d'aigua, portes de foc, congeladors, alarmes, detectors de fum, suppression sistemes, i generadors d'emergència. Les biblioteques més velles són normalment convertit per tancar amunt obertures de flux de l'aire i instal·lant portes de foc, alarmes i aspersors. Condicionament d'aire redueix els problemes de motlle. Aquests són totes les parts essencials de disseny de biblioteca nova.

no hi ha cap recuperació possible si un llibre és cremat així que és acceptat que una solució millor és per posar fora del foc amb aigua i llavors sec fora dels llibres. Tan el motlle destrueix paper els llibres són congelats fins que poden ser assecats. Aquest procés avariarà el llibre però no destruir-lo i la informació serà intacta.

Per tal de minimitzar la possibilitat de dany de foc, o altres causes, i disminució el temps necessitat per recuperació després d'un esdeveniment destructiu, totes les biblioteques necessiten una administració de desastre i pla de recuperació. Això pot ser un procés actual que inclourà el desenvolupament professional que segueix actualitzacions dins tecnologia per personal clau, entrenant pel personal restant, comprovant i mantenint caixes de desastre, i revisió del pla de desastre.

A més a més, foc-investigacions de seguretat són periòdicament dut a terme, especialment pel que fa a biblioteques històriques. La Biblioteca de Congrés, per exemple, va experimentar un any-inspecció llarga dins 2000. Abans que el Congressional Accountability Acte de 1995, la Biblioteca de Congrés i tot Capitol edificis de Turó eren exempt de controls de seguretat.[2] Equilibrant la preservació històrica i estàndards de seguretat contemporània prova per ser una tasca difícil per "fins i tot una rehabilitació de 12 anys de LC va completar dins 1997 no va adreçar molt foc hazards".[3] Després que la inspecció d'Oficina de la Conformitat, tanmateix, el LC va anunciar el seu wholehearted compromís "a aconseguir el nivell més alt de la seguretat possible" i "l'Arquitecte del Capitol i la biblioteca de Congrés informarà el seu progrés a l'Oficina de Conformitat cada tres mesos".[2]

Tecnologia d'informació és un altre catalitzador per protecció de foc prudent. Amb tants ordinadors en les biblioteques allà "és una disminució dins espai de pis i un augment dins més compacte i sistemes d'ordinador potent" que genera més calor i requereix l'ús de molts més outlets, augmentant el número de potencial ignition fonts.[4] De tan d'hora com el 1950s els perills potencials d'equipament d'ordinador, i les facilitats que els alberguen, va ser reconegut. Per això dins 1962 l'Associació de Protecció de Foc Nacional va començar desenvolupar els primers estàndards de seguretat concretament aplicables a sistemes d'ordinador electrònic.[4] Això estàndard és va cridar NFPA 75 Protecció d'Equipament de Tecnologia de la Informació. FM Full de Dada Global 5–32 és un altre estàndard proporcionant directrius per protegir en contra no foc únic, però aigua, pèrdua de poder, etc.[4]

Acció humana

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Image Name of Library City Country Date of Destruction Perpetrator Reason and/or Account of Destruction
Xianyang Palace and State Archives Xianyang Qin China 206 BC Xiang Yu Xiang Yu, rebelling against emperor Qin Er Shi, led his troops into Xianyang in 206 BC. He ordered the destruction of the Xianyang Palace by fire.[5] (Qin Shi Huang had ordered the burning of books and burying of scholars earlier.)
Library of Alexandria Alexandria Ancient Egypt Disputed Disputed Disputed,[6][7] see destruction of the Library of Alexandria.
Library of Antioch Antioch Ancient Syria 364 AD Emperor Jovian[8] The library was burnt by Emperor Jovian. It had been heavily stocked by the aid of his non-Christian predecessor, Emperor Julian (the Apostate)
Library of the Serapeum Alexandria Ancient Egypt 392 AD Theophilus of Alexandria The library was burned and looted at the decree of Theophilus of Alexandria, who was so ordered by Theodosius I.
Library of Ctesiphon Ctesiphon, Khvârvarân Ancient Persia 651 AD Arab Invaders Books thrown into the Euphrates on the order of Caliph Umar.[citation needed]
Library of

al-Hakam II

Córdoba Al-Andalus 976 AD Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir & religious scholars All books consisting of "ancient science" were destroyed in a surge of ultra-orthodoxy.[9]
Library of Rayy Rayy Persia 1029 AD Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni Burned the library and all books deemed as heretical.[10]
Library of Ghazna Ghazna Ghurid empire 1151 AD 'Ala ad-Din Husain City was sacked and burned for seven days. Libraries and palaces built by the Ghaznavids were destroyed.[11]
Library of Nishapur Nishapur 1154 AD Oghuz Turks City partially destroyed, libraries sacked and burned.[12]
Nalanda Nalanda India 1193 AD Bakhtiyar Khilji Nalanda University complex (the most renowned repository of Buddhist knowledge in the world at the time) was sacked by Turkic Muslim invaders under Bakhtiyar Khilji; this event is seen as a milestone in the decline of Buddhism in India.[13]
Imperial Library of Constantinople Constantinople Byzantine Empire 1204 AD The Crusaders In 1204, the library became a target of the knights of the Fourth Crusade. The library itself was destroyed and its contents burned or sold. The great part of the library that was saved later became absorbed into the Ottoman Sultan's library after the Muslim forces of Mehmed II, Sultan of the Ottoman Turks, captured Constantinople at the end of the siege of 1453.
House of Wisdom Baghdad Iraq 1258 AD Mongol Invaders Destroyed during the Battle of Baghdad
Madrassah Library Granada Crown of Castile 1499 AD Troops commanded by Cardinal Cisneros The library was attacked by troops of Cardinal Cisneros in late 1499, the books were taken to the Plaza Bib-Rambla, where they were burned in public.
Bibliotheca Corviniana Ofen Ottoman Empire 1526 AD Troops of the Ottoman Empire. Library was destroyed by Ottomans.[14]
Glasney College Penryn, Cornwall England 1548 AD Royal officials The smashing and looting of the Cornish colleges at Glasney and Crantock brought an end to the formal scholarship which had helped to sustain the Cornish language and the Cornish cultural identity.
Maya codices of the Yucatán Yucatán Mexico and Guatemala 1562-07-12 AD Diego de Landa Bishop De Landa, a Franciscan monk and conquistador during the Spanish conquest of Yucatán, wrote: "We found a large number of books in these characters and, as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil, we burned them all, which they (the Maya) regretted to an amazing degree, and which caused them much affliction." Only three extant codices are widely considered unquestionably authentic.
Raglan Library Raglan Castle Wales 1646 AD Parliamentary Army The Earl of Worcester's library was burnt during the English Civil War by forces under the command of Thomas Fairfax[15]
Library of Congress Washington, D.C. United States 1814 AD Troops of the British Army The library was destroyed during the War of 1812 when British forces set fire to the U.S. Capitol during the Burning of Washington.[16]
University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, Alabama United States 1865-05-04 AD Troops of the Union Army During the American Civil War, Union troops destroyed most buildings on the University of Alabama campus, including its library of approximately 7,000 volumes.[17]
Royal library of the Kings of Burma Mandalay Palace Burma 1885 - 1887 AD Troops of the British Army The British looted the palace at the end of the 3rd Anglo-Burmese War (some of the artefacts which were taken away are still on display in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London)[18] and burned down the royal library.
Hanlin Academy Library Hanlin Academy China 1900-06-23/4 Disputed. Possibly the Kansu Braves besieging the west of the Legation Quarter, or possibly by the international defending forces. During the Siege of the International Legations in Beijing at the height of the Boxer Rebellion, the unofficial national library of China at the Hanlin Academy, which was adjacent to the British Legation, was set on fire (by whom and whether deliberately or accidentally is still disputed) and almost entirely destroyed. Many of the books and scrolls that survived the flames were subsequently looted by forces of the victorious foreign powers.
Library of the Catholic University of Leuven Leuven Belgium 1914-08-25 German Occupation Troops The Germans set the library on fire as part of the burning of the entire city in an attempt to use terror to quell Belgian resistance to occupation.[19]
Public Records Office of Ireland Dublin Ireland 1922 AD Disputed. Poss. deliberately by Anti-Treaty IRA or accidental ignition of their stored explosives due to shelling by Provisional Government forces.[20] The Four Courts was occupied by the Anti-Treaty IRA at the start of the Irish Civil War. The building was bombarded by the Provisional Government forces under Michael Collins.[21]
Institut für Sexualwissenschaft Berlin Nazi Germany 1933-05-?? Members of the Deutsche Studentenschaft On 6 May 1933, the Deutsche Studentenschaft made an organised attack on the Institute of Sex Research. A few days later, the Institute's library and archives were publicly hauled out and burned in the streets of the Opernplatz.
National University of Tsing Hua, University Nan-k'ai, Institute of Technology of He-pei, Medical College of He-pei, Agricultural College of He-pei, University Ta Hsia, University Kuang Hua, National University of Hunan China 1937 – 1945 AD World War II Japanese Troops During World War II, Japanese military forces destroyed or partly destroyed numerous Chinese libraries, including libraries at the National University of Tsing Hua, Peking (lost 200,000 of 350,000 books), the University Nan-k'ai, T'ien-chin (totally destroyed, 224,000 books lost), Institute of Technology of He-pei, T'ien-chin (completely destroyed), Medical College of He-pei, Pao-ting (completely destroyed), Agricultural College of He-pei, Pao-ting (completely destroyed), University Ta Hsia, Shanghai (completely destroyed), University Kuang Hua, Shanghai (completely destroyed), National University of Hunan (completely destroyed).[22]
Library of the Catholic University of Leuven Leuven Belgium 1940-05-?? AD German Occupation Troops Caught fire during German invasion of Louvain, Belgium.[23]
National Library of Serbia Belgrade Yugoslavia 1941-04-06 AD Nazi German Luftwaffe Destroyed during the World War II bombing of Belgrade.
SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library Sofia Bulgaria 1943-1944 AD Allied bombing Allied air forces
Lebanese National Library Beirut Lebanon 1975 Lebanese Civil War The 1975 war fighting began in Beirut's downtown where the National Library was located. During the war years, the library suffered significant damage. According to some sources, 1200 of most precious manuscripts disappeared, and no memory is left of the Library's organization and operational procedures of that time.
National Library of Cambodia Phnom Penh Cambodia 1976 – 1979 AD The Khmer Rouge[22] Burnt most of the books and all bibliographical records. Only 20% of materials survived.[22]
Jaffna Public Library Jaffna Sri Lanka 1981-05-?? AD Plainclothes police officers and others In May 1981 a mob composed of thugs and plainclothes police officers went on a rampage in minority Tamil-dominated northern Jaffna, and burned down the Jaffna Public Library. At least 95,000 volumes – the second largest library collection in South Asia – were destroyed.[24]
Sikh Reference Library Punjab India 1984-06-07 AD Troops acting under Indira Gandhi's orders Before its destruction, the library contained rare books and handwritten manuscripts on Sikh religion, history, and culture[25] It could have been a desperate act on failure to locate letters or documents that could have implicated the then Indian government and its leader Indira Gandhi [26]

[27]

! Central University Library of Bucharest Bucharest Romania 1989-12-2? AD Romanian Land Forces Burnt down during the Romanian Revolution.[28][29]
Oriental Institute in Sarajevo Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-05-17 AD Bosnian Serb Army Destroyed by the shellfire during the Siege of Sarajevo.

[30] [31][32]

National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-08-25 AD Bosnian Serb Army The library was completely destroyed during the Siege of Sarajevo.[30]
Abkhazian Research Institute of History, Language and Literature & National Library of Abkhazia Sukhumi Abkhazia 1992-10-?? AD Georgian Armed Forces Destroyed during the War in Abkhazia.[33]
Pol-i-Khomri Public Library Pol-i-Khomri Afghanistan 1998 AD Taliban militia It held 55,000 books and old manuscripts.[34]
Iraq National Library and Archive, Al-Awqaf Library, Central Library of the University of Baghdad, Library of Bayt al-Hikma, Central Library of the University of Mosul and other libraries Baghdad Iraq 2003-04-?? AD Unknown members of the Bagdad population Several libraries looted, set on fire, damaged and destroyed in various degrees during the 2003 Iraq War.[35][36][37][38][39]
Egyptian Scientific Institute Cairo Egypt 2011-12-?? AD A first estimate says that only 30,000 volumes have been saved of a total of 200,000.[40]
Ahmed Baba Institute(Timbuktu library) Timbuktu Mali 2013-01-28 AD Islamists militia The library was burned down, it contained over 20,000 manuscripts with only a fraction of them having been scanned as of January 2013.[41][42][43]
Libraries of Fisheries and Oceans Canada Canada 2013 AD Government of Canada headed by prime minister Stephen Harper Alleged digitization effort to reduce the nine original libraries to seven and save $C443,000 annual cost.[44] It is alleged that only 5–6% of the material was digitized, and that scientific records and research created at a taxpayer cost of tens of millions of dollars was dumped, burned, and given away.[45] Particularly noted are baseline data important to ecological research, and data from 19th century exploration.
Saeh Library Tripoli Lebanon 2014-01-03 AD Unknown The Christian library was burned down, it contained over 80,000 manuscripts and books.[46][47][48][49]
National Archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina (partially) Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina 2014-02-07 AD Seven Bosnian rioters suspected of having started the fire; two (Salem Hatibović and Nihad Trnka)[50] were arrested.[51]


On 4 April 2014, Salem Hatibović and Nihad Trnka were released (although still under suspicion of terrorism), on conditions that they don't leave their places of residence and abstain from having any contact with each other. Both were also mandated to report to the police once every week.[50]

During the 2014 unrest in Bosnia and Herzegovina large amounts of historical documents were destroyed when sections of the Archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina, housed in the presidential building, were set on fire. Among the lost archival material were documents and gifts from the Ottoman period, original documents from the 1878-1918 Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as documentations of the interwar period, the 1941-1945 rule of the Independent State of Croatia, papers from the following years, and about 15000 files from the 1996-2003 Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina.[52][53]

In the repositories that were burnt, about 60 percent of the material was lost, according to estimates by Šaban Zahirović, the head of the Archives.[54]

Mosul University libraries

and private Libraries

Mosul Iraq 2014-12-?? AD Ongoing ISIS Book Burning Book burning.[55]
Libraries in Anbar Province Anbar Province Iraq 2014-12-?? AD Ongoing ISIS Book Burning Book burning.[55]
Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences (INION) (partially?) Moscow Russia 2015-01-29 AD Unknown. Fire spread to 2000sqm in third Floor. Roof caved in. Additional water damage. Ambient temperature too high for self-freezing of damaged Works. Library contains 14 million books, including rare texts in ancient Slavic languages, documents from the League of Nations, UNESCO, and parliamentary reports from countries including the US dating back as far as 1789.[56]
Mosul public library

(Central Public Library in Ninawa)

Mosul Iraq 2015-02-?? AD ISIS Book Burning 8,000 rare old books and manuscripts. Manuscripts from the eighteenth century, Syriac books printed in Iraq's first printing house in the nineteenth century, books from the Ottoman era, Iraqi newspapers from the early twentieth century.[57]

Desastres naturals

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Imatge Nom de Biblioteca Ciutat País Data de Destrucció Causes i/o Compte de Destrucció
Biblioteca reial de Portugal, Ribeira Palau Lisboa Portugal 1755-11-01 Terratrèmol de Lisboa gran
Biblioteca Universitària imperial dins Tòquio, Biblioteca de Müller del Max, Nishimura Biblioteca, Hoshino Biblioteca Japó 1923-09-?? ANUNCI Un terratrèmol i els focs següents.[22]
Biblioteca nacional de Nicaragua Rubén Darío Nicaragua 1931 ANUNCI, 1972 ANUNCI Va ser avariat en el 1931 terratrèmol. Un altre terratrèmol dins 1972 va causar danys; a més, sigui looted.[58]
Diverses biblioteques, archives, i museus[citation necessitat] India, Indonèsia, Malàisia, Maldives, Tailàndia, Sri Lanka 2004-12-?? ANUNCI El 2004 terratrèmol d'Oceà Índic. Veure dany de Biblioteca que resulta del 2004 terratrèmol d'Oceà Índic.

Foc

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Duchess Biblioteca d'Amalia de l'Anna que crema
  • Universitari de Biblioteca de Copenhaguen (Copenhaguen) – octubre 1728
  • Biblioteca de cotó (Huntingdon, Regne Unit d'Anglaterra) – 23 octubre 1731
  • Biblioteca de Congrés (Washington, D.C. EUA) – 25 August 1814
  • Birmingham Biblioteca central (Birmingham, Anglaterra) – 1879
  • Universitari de Virginia Biblioteca (Charlottesville, Virginia EUA) – 27 octubre 1895
  • Nova York Biblioteca Estatal (Albany, EUA de Nova York) – 29 March 1911
  • Biblioteca britànica (Londres, Regne Unit d'Anglaterra) – Segona Guerra Mundial
  • Jueu Teològic Seminary foc de biblioteca (Ciutat de Nova York) – April 18, 1966
  • Charles Un. Halbert Biblioteca pública – 1982[59]
  • Dalhousie Biblioteca de Llei universitària (Halifax, Nova Escòcia) – August 1985
  • Los Angeles Biblioteca Central (Los Angeles, EUA de Califòrnia) – 29 April i 3 setembre 1986
  • Acadèmia de Biblioteca de Ciències (Leningrad, URSS) – 14 April 1988
  • Iraq Biblioteca Nacional (Bagdad, Iraq) – 15 April 2003
  • Duchess Biblioteca d'Amalia de l'Anna (Weimar, Alemanya) – 2 setembre 2004
  • Glasgow Escola d'Art, Rennie Mackintosh Biblioteca (Glasgow, Escòcia) - 23 maig 2014
  • Institut d'Informació Científica en Ciències Socials (INION) (Moscou, Rússia) - 31 gener 2015

Vegeu també

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  • Reserva cremar
  • Llista de llibre-incidents ardents
  • Els Enemics de Llibres
  • Rongorongo#Destrucció
  • Dany de biblioteca que resulta del 2004 terratrèmol d'Oceà Índic
  • La llista de biblioteques va avariar durant Segona Guerra Mundial
  • Destrucció planejada de Varsòvia
  • Setge de Sarajevo (1992-1996)
  • Llista de patrimoni destruït

Referències

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  1. ↑ Fadhil, Muna «Isis destroys thousands of books and manuscripts in Mosul libraries». , 26-02-2015.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Fineberg, Gail.
  3. ↑ L.
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Fixen, Edward L. and Vidar S.
  5. ↑ Sima Qian.
  6. ↑ The Alexandrian Library"
  7. ↑ «The Vanished Library by Bernard Lewis». [Consulta: 5 desembre 2014].
  8. ↑ Albrecht, Michael von & Schmeling, Gareth L. (1997) A History of Roman Literature; p. 1744
  9. ↑ Ann Christy, Christians in Al-Andalus:711–1000, (Curzon Press, 2002), 142.
  10. ↑ "Moslem Libraries and Sectarian Propaganda", Ruth Stellhorn Mackensen, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 51, No. 2 (January , 1935), 93-94.
  11. ↑ C.
  12. ↑ The Tomb of Omar Khayyâm, George Sarton, Isis, Vol. 29, No. 1 (July , 1938):16.
  13. ↑ Sen, Gertrude Emerson (1964) The Story of Early Indian Civilization.
  14. ↑ (DE)Edit Szegedi, Geschichtsbewusstsein und Gruppenidentität, (Bohlau Verlag, 2002), 223.
  15. ↑ Johnson, Paul. «Raglan Castle and the Civil War». Castlewales. [Consulta: 16 juliol 2010].
  16. ↑ «Jefferson's Legacy: A Brief History of the Library of Congress». Library of Congress, 06-03-2006. [Consulta: 14 gener 2008].
  17. ↑ Wolfe, Suzanne Rau. The University of Alabama: A Pictorial History. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, 1983, p. 57–59. 
  18. ↑ Bird, George W. Wanderings in Burma. London: F. J. Bright & Son, 1897, p. 254. 
  19. ↑ Kramer, Alan. Dynamic of Destruction: culture and mass killing in the First World War. London: Penguin, 2008. ISBN 978-1-84614-013-6. 
  20. ↑ Hill, J. R.. A New History of Ireland Volume VII: Ireland 1921-84. Oxford University Press, 2003, p. Chapter II p2. ISBN 978-0-19-161559-7. 
  21. ↑ Ferriter, Diarmaid. The Limits of Liberty – Episode 1. RTÉ, 2010. 
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 22,2 22,3 Lost Memory — Libraries and Archived Destroyed in the Twentieth Century (Arxivat a WebCiteWebCite)
  23. ↑ University of Louvain, International Dictionary of University Histories, ed.
  24. ↑ Knuth, Rebecca (2006-06-27). "Destroying a Symbol: Checkered History of Sri Lanka's Jaffna Public Library" (PDF). , IFLA [Consulta: 30 agost 2008] 
  25. ↑ Kaur, Jaskaran; Crossette, Barbara (2006).|http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf
  26. ↑ http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000612/main7.htm
  27. ↑ The Smoking Gun Recovered, United Sikhs documentary"|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6AFP1NiF-U
  28. ↑ The Central University Library of Bucharest, official site: "the History".
  29. ↑ "Legea recunoştinţei, made in Romania", Evenimentul Zilei, 03 June 2010.
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Collection of articles and studies on destruction of libraries and archives in Bosnia and Herzegovina (available for download in .pdf)
  31. ↑ Erasing the Past: The Destruction of Libraries and Archives in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Arxivat a WebCiteWebCite)
  32. ↑ Crimes of war, crimes of peace: destruction of libraries during and after the Balkan wars of the 1990s (Arxivat a WebCiteWebCite)
  33. ↑ Abkhazia: Cultural Tragedy Revisited, Caucasus Reporting Service, Institute for War and Peace Reporting
  34. ↑ Censorship of historical thought: a world guide, 1945–2000, Antoon de Baets
  35. ↑ Prized Iraqi annals 'lost in blaze' (Arxivat a WebCiteWebCite)
  36. ↑ «Photos by Dr Saad Eskander of damage to Iraq National Library and Archive». [Consulta: 5 desembre 2014].
  37. ↑ «Pictures of Damaged Libraries in Iraq». [Consulta: 5 desembre 2014].
  38. ↑ «MELA Committee on Iraqi Libraries». [Consulta: 5 desembre 2014].
  39. ↑ «ICBS -Assessment of damage to Libraries and Archives in Iraq». [Consulta: 5 desembre 2014].
  40. ↑ Un incendio durante los disturbios de El Cairo destruye el original de la 'Descripción de Egipto' encargada por Napoleón (Arxivat a WebCiteWebCite)
  41. ↑ Harding, Luke. «Timbuktu mayor: Mali rebels torched library of historic manuscripts». The Guardian, 28-01-2013. [Consulta: 28 gener 2013].
  42. ↑ Walker, Peter. «Timbuktu library is treasure house of centuries of Malian history». The Guardian, 28-01-2013. [Consulta: 28 gener 2013].
  43. ↑ Fleeing Islamists burn priceless Timbuktu library, accessed 29 January 2013
  44. ↑ Andrew Nikiforuk «Secret Memo Casts Doubt on Feds' Claims for Science Library Closures: Goal stated is 'culling' research, not preserving and sharing through digitization». , 30-12-2013.
  45. ↑ «Irreplaceable research lost from purged federal libraries: BC Green Party MLA Andrew Weaver says government didn’t digitize entire libraries as promised». , 06-01-2014.
  46. ↑ «Lebanon Loses 78000 Books To Terrorism: Tripoli’s "Al Sa’eh" Library Burned». .
  47. ↑ «Thousands of books, manuscripts torched in fire at historic Lebanese library». .
  48. ↑ «Tripoli Figures Condemn Torching Famed Library as Father Sarrouj 'Forgives Attackers'». .
  49. ↑ «20 Pictures Of Al Sa’eh Library in Tripoli Before It Got Torched». .
  50. ↑ 50,0 50,1 «Custody of the Suspects Hatibović and Trnka terminated and prohibiting measures ordered». Court of Bosnia & Herzegovina, 07-04-2014 [Consulta: 13 desembre 2014].
  51. ↑ «Sedmorica osumnjičena za paljenje Predsjedništva i Arhiva BiH» (en croatian). tportal.hr, 09-03-2014 [Consulta: 13 desembre 2014].
  52. ↑ «Ogromna šteta, dio dokumentacije nepovratno uništen». , 13-02-2014 [Consulta: 19 febrer 2014].
  53. ↑ «Nepovratno uništen deo Arhiva BiH». , 13-02-2014 [Consulta: 19 febrer 2014].
  54. ↑ «Direktor Arhiva BiH tvrdi: Izgorjelo je 60 posto depoa». , 13-02-2014 [Consulta: 17 febrer 2014].
  55. ↑ 55,0 55,1 «"داعش" يحرق آلاف الكتب في الموصل والأنبار». , 23-02-2015 [Consulta: 22 febrer 2015].
  56. ↑ «A Moscow library containing rare UN documents, ancient Slavic texts, and 14 million books is on fire». , 30-01-2015 [Consulta: 31 gener 2015].
  57. ↑ «ISIS Burns 8000 Rare Books and Manuscripts in Mosul». , 23-02-2015 [Consulta: 25 febrer 2015].
  58. ↑ Biblioteca Nacional Rubén Darío (castellà)
  59. ↑ Charles A.

Lectura més llunyana

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Enllaços externs

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