De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure
Aquest article o secció necessita millorar una traducció deficient .
Podeu col·laborar-hi si coneixeu prou la llengua d'origen. També podeu iniciar un fil de discussió per consultar com es pot millorar. Elimineu aquest avís si creieu que està solucionat raonablement.
La Medalla Nacional de Ciència dels Estats Units (en anglès "National Medal of Science ") és un premi atorgat pel president nord-americà a persones que han fet importants contribucions en l'avanç de la ciència o l'enginyeria. Els premis es lliuren en sis camps, ciències socials i de la conducta, biologia , química , enginyeria , matemàtiques i ciències físiques. El Comitè de la Medalla Nacional de Ciència, està sota la Fundació Nacional de Ciència (en anglès National Science Foundation , NSF) que és responsable de recomanar els candidats al president.
[ modifica ] 1964 Roger Adams, Othmar H. Ammann, Theodosius Dobzhansky , Charles S. Draper, Solomon Lefschetz , Neal Elgar Miller, Marston Morse , Marshall W. Nirenberg
1986 Herbert A. Simon
1987 Anne Anastasi, George J. Stigler
1988 Milton Friedman
1989 Roger Wolcott Sperry
1990 Leonid Hurwicz , Patrick Suppes
1991 Robert Kates, George A. Miller
1992 Eleanor J. Gibson
1994 Robert K. Merton
1995 Roger N. Shepard
1996 Paul A. Samuelson
1997 William K. Estes
1998 William Julius Wilson
1999 Robert M. Solow
2000 Gary S. Becker
2001 George F. Bass
2003 R. Duncan Llueix
2004 Kenneth Arrow
2005 Gordon H. Bower
2008 Michael I. Posner
2009 Mortimer Mishkin
2011 Anne Treisman
2012 Robert Axelrod
2014 Albert Bandura 1963 Cornelius van Niel
1965 Francis Peyton Rous , George G. Simpson , Donald D. Van Slyke
1966 Edward F. Knipling, Fritz Albert Lipmann , William C. Rose, Sewall Wright
1967 Kenneth S. Col·le, Harry F. Harlow, Michael Heidelberger, Alfred Sturtevant
1968 H. A. Barker, Bernard B. Brodie, Detlev W. Bronk, Jay Lush, Burrhus Frederic Skinner
1969 Robert J. Huebner, Ernst Mayr
1970 Barbara McClintock , Albert Sabin
1973 Daniel I. Arnon, Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
1974 Britton Chance, Erwin Chargaff , James Van Gundia Neel, James Augustine Shannon
1975 Hallowell Davis, Paul Gyorgy, Sterling Brown Hendricks, Orville Vogel
1976 Roger C.L. Guillemin , Keith Roberts Porter, Efraim Racker, I. O. Wilson
1979 Robert H. Burris, Elizabeth C. Crosby, Arthur Kornberg , Sever Ochoa , Earl Reece Stadtman, George Ledyard Stebbins , Paul A. Weiss
1981 Philip Handler
1982 Seymour Benzer , Glenn W. Burton, Mildred Cohn
1983 Howard L. Bachrach, Paul Berg , Wendell L. Roelofs, Berta Scharrer
1986 Stanley Cohen, Donald A. Henderson, Vernon Mountcastle, George Emil Palade, Joan A. Steitz
1987 Michael I. Debakey, Theodor O. Diener, Harry Eagle, Har Gobind Khorana, Rita Levi-Montalcini
1988 Michael S. Brown, Stanley N. Cohen, Joseph L. Goldstein, Maurice Hilleman, Eric R. Kandel, Rosalyn S. Yalow
1989 Katherine Esau, Viktor Hamburger, Philip Leder, Joshua Lederberg, Harland G. Wood
1990 Baruj Benacerraf, Herbert W. Boyer, Daniel I. Koshland, Jr., Edward B. Lewis, David G. Nathan, I. Donnall Thomas
1991 Mary Ellen Avery , G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Elvin A. Kabat, Salvador Edward Luria, Paul A. Marks, Folke K Skoog, Paul C. Zamecnik
1992 Maxine Singer, Howard M. Temin
1993 Daniel Nathans, Salome G. Waelsch
1994 Thomas Eisner, Elizabeth F. Neufeld
1995 Alexander Rich
1996 Ruth Patrick
1997 James D. Watson, Robert A. Weinberg
1998 Bruce Estimis, Janet Rowley
1999 David Baltimore, Jared Diamond, Lynn Margulis
2000 Nancy C. Andreasen, Peter H. Raven, Carl Woese
2001 Francisco J. Ayala, Mario R. Capecchi, Ann M. Graybiel, Gene I. Likens, Victor A. McKusick, Harold Varmus
2002 James I. Darnell, Evelyn M. Witkin
2003 J. Michael Bishop, Solomon H. Snyder, Charles Yanofsky
2004 Norman Foster Ramsey, Phillip Allen Sharp, Thomas Starzl
2005 Anthony Fauci, Torsten N. Wiesel
2006 Rita R. Colwell, Nina Fedoroff, Lubert Stryer
2007 Robert J. Lefkowitz, Bert W. O'Malley
2008 Francis S. Collins, Elaine Fuchs, J. Craig Venter
2009 Susan L. Lindquist, Stanley B. Prusiner
2010 Ralph L. Brinster, Rudolf Jaenisch
2011 Lucy Shapiro, Leroy Hood, Sallie Chisholm
2012 May Berenbaum , Bruce Alberts
2013 Rakesh K. Jain
2014 Stanley Falkow , Mary-Claire King , Simon Levin 1982 F. Albert Cotton , Gilbert Stork
1983 Roald Hoffmann , George C. Pimentel, Richard N. Zare
1986 Harry Gray, Yuan Tseh Lee , Carl S. Marvel, Frank H. Westheimer
1987 William Summer Johnson, Walter H. Stockmayer, Max Tishler
1988 William O. Baker, Konrad I. Bloch , Elias J. Corey
1989 Richard B. Bernstein, Melvin Calvin , Rudolph Marcus , Harden M. McConnell
1990 Elkan Blout, Karl Folkers, John D. Roberts
1991 Ronald Breslow, Gertrude B. Elion , Dudley R. Herschbach , Glenn T. Seaborg
1992 Howard I. Simmons, Jr.
1993 Donald J. Cram , Norman Hackerman
1994 George S. Hammond
1995 Thomas Cech , Isabella L. Karle
1996 Norman Davidson
1997 Darleane C. Hoffman, Harold S. Johnston
1998 John W. Cahn, George M. Whitesides
1999 Stuart A. Rice, John Ross, Susan Solomon
2000 John D. Baldeschwieler, Ralph F. Hirschmann
2001 Ernest R. Davidson, Gabor A. Somorjai
2002 John I. Brauman
2004 Stephen J. Lippard
2006 Marvin H. Caruthers, Peter B. Dervan, Robert S. Langer
2007 Mostafa A. El-Sayed
2008 Joanna S. Fowler, JoAnne Stubbe
2009 Stephen J. Benkovic, Marye Anne Fox
2010 Jacqueline K. Barton, Peter J. Stang
2011 Allen J. Bard, M. Frederick Hawthorne
2012 Judith P. Klinman , Jerrold Meinwald
2013 Geraldine Richmond
2014 A. Paul Alivisatos 1962 Theodore von Kármán
1963 Vannevar Bush , John Robinson Pierce
1965 Hugh L. Dryden, Clarence L. Johnson, Warren K. Lewis
1966 Claude I. Shannon
1967 Edwin H. Land, Igor I. Sikorsky
1968 J. Presper Eckert , Nathan M. Newmark
1969 Jack St. Clair Kilby
1970 George I. Mueller
1973 Harold I. Edgerton, Richard T. Whitcomb
1974 Rudolf Kompfner, Ralph Brazelton Peck, Abel Wolman
1975 Manson Benedict, William Hayward Pickering, Frederick I. Terman, Wernher Von Braun
1976 Morris Cohen, Peter C. Goldmark, Erwin Wilhelm Müller
1979 Emmett Leith, Raymond D. Mindlin, Robert N. Noyce , Earl R. Parker, Simon Ram
1982 Edward H. Heinemann, Donald L. Katz
1983 William R. Hewlett , George M. Low, John G. Trump
1986 Hans Wolfgang Liepmann, T. I. Lin, Bernard M. Oliver
1987 Robert B. Bird, H. Bolton Seed, Ernst Weber
1988 Daniel C. Drucker, Willis M. Hawkins, George W. Housner
1989 Harry George Drickamer, Herbert I. Grier
1990 Mildred S. Dresselhaus, Nick Holonyak Jr.
1991 George Heilmeier, Lluna B. Leopold, H. Guyford Stever
1992 Calvin F. Quate, John Roy Whinnery
1993 Alfred I. Cho
1994 Ray W. Clough
1995 Hermann A. Haus
1996 James L. Flanagan, C. Kumar N. Patel
1998 Eli Ruckenstein
1999 Kenneth N. Stevens
2000 Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
2001 Andreas Acrivos
2002 Leo Beranek
2003 John M. Prausnitz
2004 Edwin N. Lightfoot
2005 Jan D. Achenbach, Tobin J. Marks
2007 David J. Wineland
2008 Rudolf Kalman
2009 Amnon Yariv
2010 Shu Chien
2011 John Goodenough
2012 Thomas Kailath [ modifica ] 1963 Norbert Wiener
1965 Oscar Zariski
1966 John Milnor
1967 Paul Cohen
1968 Jerzy Neyman
1969 William Feller
1970 Richard Brauer
1973 John Tukey
1974 Kurt Gödel
1975 John W. Backus , Shiing-Shen Chern , George Dantzig
1976 Kurt Friedrichs , Hassler Whitney
1979 Joseph L. Doob , Donald I. Knuth
1982 Marshall Harvey Stone
1983 Herman Goldstine , Isadore Singer
1986 Peter Lax , Antoni Zygmund
1987 Raoul Bott , Michael Freedman
1988 Ralph I. Gomory, Joseph Keller
1989 Samuel Karlin , Saunders Mac Lane , Donald C. Spencer
1990 George Carrier , Stephen Col·le Kleene, John McCarthy
1991 Alberto Calderón
1992 Allen Newell
1993 Martin Kruskal
1994 John Cocke
1995 Louis Nirenberg
1996 Richard M. Karp , Stephen Smale
1997 Shing-Tung Yau
1998 Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1999 Felix Browder , Ronald R. Coifman
2000 John Griggs Thompson , Karen K. Uhlenbeck
2001 Calyampudi R. Rao , Elias Stein
2002 James Glimm
2003 Carl R. de Boor
2004 Dennis P. Sullivan
2005 Bradley Efron
2006 Hyman Bass
2007 Leonard Kleinrock, Andrew J. Viterbi
2009 David B. Mumford
2010 Richard A. Tàpia, Srinivasa S.R. Varadhan
2011 Solomon Golomb, Barry Mazur
2012 Alexandre Chorin , David Blackwell (a títol pòstum)
2013 Michael Artin 1963 Luis W. Alvarez
1964 Julian Schwinger , Harold Clayton Urey , Robert Burns Woodward
1965 John Bardeen , Peter Debye , Leon Max Lederman , William Rubey
1966 Jacob Bjerknes, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar , Henry Eyring , John H. Van Vleck , Vladimir K. Zworykin
1967 Jesse Beams, Francis Birch, Gregory Breit, Louis Hammett, George Kistiakowsky
1968 Paul Bartlett, Herbert Friedman, Lars Onsager , Eugene Wigner
1969 Herbert C. Brown , Wolfgang Panofsky
1970 Robert H. Dicke , Allan R. Sandage, John C. Slater , John A. Wheeler, Saul Winstein
1973 Carl Djerassi , Maurice Ewing, Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, Vladimir Haensel, Frederick Seitz, Robert Rathbun Wilson
1974 Nicolaas Bloembergen , Paul Flory , William Alfred Fowler , Linus Carl Pauling , Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
1975 Hans A. Bethe , Joseph Hirschfelder, Lewis Sarett, I. Bright Wilson, Chien-Shiung Wu
1976 Samuel Goudsmit , Herbert S. Gutowsky, Frederick Rossini, Verner Suomi, Henry Taube , George Uhlenbeck
1979 Richard P. Feynman, Herman Mark, Edward M. Purcell, John Sinfelt, Lyman Spitzer , Victor F. Weisskopf
1982 Philip W. Anderson, Yoichiro Nambu, Edward Teller, Charles H. Townes
1983 I. Margaret Burbidge, Maurice Goldhaber, Helmut Landsberg, Walter Munk, Frederick Regnis, Bruno B. Rossi, J. Robert Schrieffer
1986 Solomon Buchsbaum, Horace Crane, Herman Feshbach, Robert Hofstadter, Chen Ning Yang
1987 Philip Abelson, Walter Elsasser, Paul C. Lauterbur, George Pake, James A. Van Allen
1988 D. Allan Bromley, Paul (Ching-Wu) Chu, Walter Kohn, Norman F. Ramsey, Jack Steinberger
1989 Arnold O. Beckman, Eugene Parker, Robert Sharp, Henry Stommel
1990 Allan M. Cormack, Edwin M. McMillan, Robert Pound, Roger Revelle
1991 Arthur L. Schawlow, Ed Stone, Steven Weinberg
1992 Eugene Shoemaker
1993 Val Fitch, Vera Rubin
1994 Albert Overhauser, Frank Press
1995 Hans Dehmelt, Peter Goldreich
1996 Wallace S. Broecker
1997 Marshall Rosenbluth, Martin Schwarzschild, George Wetherill
1998 Do L. Anderson, John Bahcall
1999 James Cronin, Leo Kadanoff
2000 Willis Eugene Lamb, Jeremiah P. Ostriker, Gilbert F. White
2001 Marvin L. Cohen, Raymond Davis Jr., Charles Keeling
2002 Richard Garwin, W. Jason Morgan, Edward Witten
2003 G. Brent Dalrymple, Riccardo Giacconi
2004 Robert N. Clayton
2005 Ralph A. Alpher, Lonnie Thompson
2006 Daniel Kleppner
2007 Fay Ajzenberg-Selove, Charles P. Slichter
2008 Berni Alder, James I. Gunn
2009 Yakir Aharonov, Esther M. Conwell, Warren M. Washington
2011 Sidney Drell, Sandra Faber, Sylvester James Gates
2012 Burton Richter , Sean C. Solomon
2014 Shirley Ann Jackson 
Estats Units
